BCAROCKS | BCA MCA MSCIT MSCCA COMPUTER SCIENCE notes,video and tutorials | download paper solution

File Menu New - Opens a new document. When you click on this option it will open a new blank Microsoft word document. Open - Opens a previously saved document. When you click on this option it will open a file explorer window allowing you to navigate to the file you want to open. Close - Closes the active document but does not quit the application. Means it will close the current document but application remains as it is. When you click on this option it will prompt you to save the file, if you have made changes to document since the last save. Save - Saves the active document with its current file name, location and format. Save As – this allows you to save the document as a different file. Saves by opening a window which gives the opportunity to change the file name, location or format. Save As Web Page – this options save the current document with HTML extension which can be open in web browser. Page Setup - Sets margins, paper size, orientation and other layout options. Versions: This feature allows you to save different versions of the current Microsoft Word document. For example, if you changed your letterhead and wanted to keep the older version tool. Web Page Preview: Clicking on this option will display your current document as it would look in a web browser. When you click, Microsoft Word will open the document in your default web browser. If you would like to know more about making web pages. Print Preview - Shows how the file will look when you print it. Print - Prints the active file, also gives the opportunity to change print options Send-To; Hovering your mouse over this option will allow you to send your document via email, or export it to Microsoft PowerPoint (if installed). Properties: This will open the Microsoft Word document properties dialogue box, allowing you to! View/edit various properties of the document. Including author information, statistics, type, location and file size of the document. Exit - Closes Microsoft Word. Edit Menu Undo ... – This options allows you to undo the Last thing you did in you Microsoft word document. By this command you can get recover your changes which is deleted by accident. The actual entry of this item will depend on what you did last. In my example I had cut text, so that was displayed. This selection can be repeated several times. Repeat ...- After an action has been undone, it can be reinstated in the document. This command is exactly same as undo command but in works in reverse order. Cut - Removes the selection from the active document and places it on the clipboard. Copy - Copies the selection to the clipboard Paste - Inserts the contents of the clipboard at the insertion point (cursor) or whatever is selected. Paste special: click on this command will bring up the Microsoft word paste special dialog box; it allows you to control the format of the text that will be inserted (pasted) from the office clipboard. Paste as Hyperlink: This command allows you to link (create a hyperlink) to a certain place in another Microsoft Word document, Excel worksheet, PowerPoint slide, or Access database. To achieve this, first copy the element that you want to link to into the clipboard, and then-select the Paste as Hyperlink command.Note: The target file must have been saved previously, likewise if you are linking to an element in the current document, it must be saved first. Clear - Deletes the selected object or text, but does not place it on the clipboard. Select All - Selects all text and graphics in the active window. Find - Searches for specified text in the active document Replace - Searches for and replaces specified text and formatting. Goto: goto allows you to go directly to a certain page, selection line, bookmark, comments, footnote, endnote, table, object etc. View Menu Normal – this option will show you the current document without any margin. Web Layout – this option will show you how the current document will look on web browser. Print Layout – this option will show you the current document including all the margins and page breaks. Outline – this option allows you to change the structure of the document. Task Pane – used to show/hide the task pane. The task pane is design to give you the quick access to frequently used command. Toolbars - Displays or hides toolbars. The right pointing arrow indicates a list of toolbars. To add one slide down to the name of the toolbar and click to select. Ruler - Displays or hides horizontal and vertical rulers at the top and left side of the document. Header and Footer - Adds or changes the text that is displayed at the top or bottom of every page of the document Footnotes – this command will show all footnotes and endnotes for current document. Markup – this command will show all the marks (comments ) In the current document. Full Screen - Hides most screen elements so you can see more of your document Zoom - Controls how large, or small, the current document appears on the screen. Insert Menu Page Break - Use this command to send your cursor to the top of the next page even though the text does not extend to the bottom of the previous page Page Number – this option allows you to insert the page numbers in to the current document. Date and Time - Choose from seventeen formats for displaying date, time, or date and time. Auto Text - Insert any of several pre-set text lines, or create your own. Field – this option allows you to insert specified field into the document. The available fields include date & time, tables , equations, mail merge, numbering etc. Symbol - Insert a symbol from each of your symbol fonts, or any standard font which includes symbols. There are more than you might think! Footnote - Place a footnote at the bottom of the page or the end of the document. Picture - Insert pictures from clip art or a file. You can also insert auto shapes, word art, or a chart. Text Box (Frame) - Use this to place captions near tables or drawings, or to set off text at the beginning of a page. Click and draw the box after making this selection. File - Insert a saved document into the active document at the cursor. Object - Insert an object such as clip art, word art, an equation or much more. Hyperlink - An interesting use of hyperlinks is to place a link to any document stored on your computer. You can later open that document by clicking on the link. Neat? Format Menu Font - Change font style, size, color and a large number of other features. You can also change the spacing between letters here. Paragraph - Indent a paragraph using either margin or place some chosen amount of space before or after the paragraph. Bullets and Numbering - As promised in the Insert menu, if you wish to change the bullet, it can be done here. Your bullets can be literally any symbol you wish them to be Border - Create borders around blocks of text, or around the entire document. On the Page Border tab, under the Art pull down menu you can find a huge selection of graphic borders; hearts, stars, planets and much more. Drop Cap - Make the first letter of a paragraph or chapter large enough to span several lines. Style - If you prefer not to use the Formatting toolbar, document style can be changed here. Background - Another task which can be handled in the Formatting toolbar, you can choose the color to highlight selected text in your document. Change Case - DO YOU EVER FORGET THE CAPS LOCK? If so, some to this sub-menu and change the case of the highlighted text. This is a cool feature! Bold, Italic, Underline - Format selected text; Bold,Italic, or Underlined. Object - Make changes to any selected object; image, word art, auto shape or any other object inserted into the document. Tools Menu Spelling and Grammar - Choose either sub-menu and the same window opens. Questioned spelling is in red, grammar in green. Language/Thesaurus - Have you used the word "like" too many times? Highlight the word, select Thesaurus and get suggestions like similar and analogous. Word Count - Need to know how many words are in your document? Select Word Count and find out how many pages, words, characters, paragraphs, and lines. Auto Summarize - Exactly what it sounds like, Word summarizes the document, reducing the length of the document, keeping the meaning. Auto Correct - Word will automatically correct some things. If this feature is irritating to you, come here to change what is corrected. Customize- Opens the same window that you get by going to the View menu and selecting Toolbar/Customize. Options - Modify Word settings here. Modify print, editing, spelling and other options from this sub-menu. Windows Menu New Window - This opens another window with a copy of the active document. Arrange All - Displays all open files in the window. This makes dragging and dropping from one document to another much easier. Split - Splits the active window into panes. Open Document List - There is no need to drag windows to the side so you can see other documents open in Word. Come to the bottom of this window for a listing of all open documents. The active document has a check mark beside it. Help Menu Microsoft Word Help - Open Word's Assistant and get a search box to type in. Word displays possible matches for you to read about. Contents and Index - See an index of all topics available in Word's Help documentation. Microsoft on the Web - That's right! It is exactly what it sounds like. Select a link and a Microsoft help page is opened in your browser. If you are not online, Word will make the connection and then display the page. About Microsoft Word - Not sure which version of Word you working with. Check here for version information and for the produce ID number.

What is WINDOWS 95/98?  
Windows 95/98 is an operating system, an operating system perform two tasks.
 ▪ Provides interface between user and the computer,
 ▪ Controls the resources (Parts) of the computer.  

Advantage of Windows 95/98:
▪ Easier to learn and use.
▪ Allows the user to work on multiple applications simultaneously. You can type a letter while printing another one.
▪ Runs in protected mode, so that the. Failure of any one program does not halt the computer.
▪ Faster processing enhances system efficiency.
▪ Advanced support for connecting and communicating with other computers.
▪ Many-advanced build in Utilities are provided.      

Difference between Windows and DOS:  

1. Windows provides user-friendly environment as compared to DOS
2. Windows provides GUI (Graphical User interface) in which items represented
3. Pictures which are easier to remember while DOS provides CLI(Command Line interface) in Which everything will be done using text.
4. Windows provides common menus Eg. Same command for printing in all software's while in DOS every time you have to write a new command.
5. Windows provides Facilities of OLE(Object Linking Embedding) which means to transfer a data between applications.
6. Windows provides the facility to run more than one applications at a time.

A Brief History of Windows:
Windows 1.6 in Nov. 1985:
▪ Very poor performance
▪ Very few software available.
▪ Ignored by the market Windows 2.0 in Oct 1987:
▪ Better response from application developers.
▪ Still poor performance
▪ Not widely accepted. Windows 3.0 in May 1990:
▪ Better performance compare to earlier versions.
▪ Better acceptance due to availability of faster machines. Demand for software increased in the industry. Windows 3.1 in April 1992:
▪ Improved user interface
▪ Introduction of better Presentation facilities.
▪ Introduction of OLE(Object Linking Embedding) technique for sharing data between applications. Windows 3.1.1 in April 1994:
▪ Basic Network support was incorporated.
▪ Better and more efficient file system more efficient file system. Windows 95 in 1995 Windows 98 in 1998 Windows 2000 in Feb. 2000 Windows Me in Nov. 2000 Windows XP in April 2001  

The Desktop:

  ▪ It indicates the entire screen area you see when Windows 95/98 is started. ▪ The Desktop is the on-screen work area on which windows appear, it' s the first screen that appears when the operating system has initialized. In our case it will be the Windows XP desktop.    
Components of the Desktop:

   Shortcut Icons
▪ Icon is a small picture on the screen representing. An object, an. object may be an application or folder. Shortcut icons allow quick access to commonly used programs, folders or documents.
▪ Shortcut icons contain an arrow at the bottom of the picture.
▪ Icons help you execute commands quickly.  

 Start Button:
▪ It allows access to various menu commands.
▪ It is used for starting a program, find a file, or get help. All application are accessible through the start button.    

Date and Time Area:
▪ It displays the current time from the internal clock. It provides other status information about the system like print status, volume status.    

Quick Launch Icons:
▪ It shows all the application in the form of boxes
▪ Quick Launch icons are used to execute a command quickly.
▪ What-ever applications are frequently used, keep it in quick launch icon area so that when-ever need you can open it quickly.
▪ Icons help you execute commands quickly

Task Bar:

   At the bottom of the Windows screen, it contains the Start button, icons for open applications, the Quick Launch area, and the notification area or Date and Time Area.
▪ The long horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen is called the taskbar.
▪ It shows all the application in the form of boxes.
▪ It allows shifting from one application to another
▪ In the graphical user interface (GUI) for a computer operating system or application, a taskbar is a visual device on the desktop that typically shows the user which applications (tasks) are currently active and running. Some taskbars, such as those in Windows operating systems, also include icons for commonly-used utilities such as the system clock and antivirus software. In some systems, the user is allowed to modify the contents, location, or appearance of the taskbar. After that, you can right-click any one of them and get your context menu. It looks like this:

   From here you can do the following:

• Cascade – Resizes windows of selected applications to cascade on screen.
• Tile Horizontally – Resizes windows and "stacks" them one on top of the other.
• Tile Vertically – Resizes windows and puts them in "columns".
• Minimize Group – Sends all apps selected to the taskbar
• Close Group – Will close all selected apps

 

What is Mouse Pointer?

  ▪ The arrow shape, on the screen, that follows the movement of the mouse is known as mouse pointer. It indicates which point of the screen will be affected when you press the mouse button. The pointer may change shape during certain tasks.  

Mouse Actions: There are four possible mouse actions:  
   a) Left Click:
    ▪ Move the mouse to point an object.
    ▪ Press and release the left mouse button;
   b) Right Click:
    ▪ Move the mouse to point art object
    ▪ Press and release the right mouse button.  
   c) Double Click:
    ▪ Point an object and click the left mouse button twice quickly
    ▪ There should be no movement between the two clicks there should be no time gap, between the two clicks.  
   d) Drag:
    ▪ Point an object and press the left mouse button
    ▪ Move the mouse without releasing the button.
    ▪ Release mouse button when mouse reaches the final location.  

What is a window?

▪ A window is an area on your desktop within which all Windows-based programs run.
▪ You can open, close, and move window and change the size; of the window.
▪ You can open several window at a same time and reduce a window or to enlarge it to fit the entire desktop.  

Opening a Window/Application: Software can be opened in the following manner:
▪ Double click the shortcut icon on the desktop, if available.
▪ Click start button and select appropriate option from the programs menu
▪ If application is already opened but hidden, then click on task bar button Can you explain the parts of a window? Yes, I will use WordPad as an example.

  
▪ The control box provides a menu that enables you to restore, move, size, minimize, maximize, or close a window.
▪ The border separates the window from the desktop. You resize the window by dragging its borders outward to expand it and inward to contract it.  
▪ The title bar displays the name of the current file and the name of the current program.
▪ Use the Minimize button to temporarily decrease the size of a window or remove a window from view. While a window is minimized, its title will appear on the taskbar. With Mouse:

• Click the minimize button to minimize a window
• alternately select the minimize command from the control menu.

With Keyboard:

• Press :ALT + Spacebar + N

 
▪ Click the Maximize button and the window will fill the screen. With Mouse:

• Click the maximize button to maximize a window,
• Alternately select the maximize command from the control menu. (Located at the top left corner of a window)

With Keyboard:

• Press ALT + Spacebar + X

 
▪ After you maximize a window, if you click the Restore button, the window will return to its former size. With Keyboard:

• Press ALT + Spacebar + R

To restore a window which is minimized:

• Press ALT + TAB

▪ Click the Close button to exit the window and close the program. With Mouse:

• Click the close button to close the window
• Alternately option select the close command from the control menu

With Keyboard:

• Press: ALT + Spacebar + C
• Alternative option: ALT + F4

▪ The menu bar displays the program menu. You send commands to the program by using the menu.
▪ Menus provide a way for you to send commands to the computer (tell the computer what you want the computer to do)
▪ When you open a window, menu options are listed from left to right just below the title bar on the menu bar. When you click a menu item, a drop-down menu appears.
▪ Select the command you want to execute from the drop-down menu. An ellipse after a drop-down menu item signifies that there are additional options if you select that option, a dialog box will appear.
▪ Toolbars generally display right below the menu, they can be dragged and displayed along any of the window borders. You use the icons on the toolbars to send commands to the program.
▪ The work area is located in the center of the window. You perform most of your work in the work area.
▪ The status bar provides you with information about the status of your program.   How do I switch between windows?
   
What does it mean to "cascade your windows?"
▪ Cascading your windows is a way of organizing your windows on your desktop. Cascading
▪ Windows fan out across your desktop with the title bar of each window showing.  

How do I cascade my windows? to cascade your windows:
What does it mean to "tile your windows?"
How do I tile my windows? to tile your windows:

Write a note short note on windows explorer

Ans: - By doing these steps you can show the windows explorer.
Start -> Program -> Windows explorer. * There are many more 3 methods to open explorer.  
▪ Method 2: Click the START button, click on run and type explorer into the box and press enter.
▪ Method 3: Open MY COMPUTER and click on the Folders button at the top of the MY COMPUTER environment.
▪ Method 4: Click Start -> (All) Programs -> Accessories -> Windows Explorer

  
  Coping, Deleting and Renaming files and folders. All of these tasks are straightforward and can be achieved using the same method. First, navigate to the folder where the file or folder is stored, and then right click on the file/folder of interest. You. Will be presented with a menu similar to that showing on below fig-

▪ Copy: - Clicking on this option will copy the file or folder into (the clipboard) memory. You can then navigate to the folder where you want to copy the file to, right click in the right panel and select paste from the menu that appears.
▪ Delete: - This option will delete the file or folder (send it into recycle bin), Windows XP will prompt you for confirmation first. ▪ Rename: - This option allows you to rename the file or folder, simply type in the new name and press the enter key.    

Define GUI
Give the steps to create folder in my documents?
  Give the various ways of copying files from one folder to another folder You can also copy and paste to copy a file:
(1) Select the file that you want to copy.
(2) Open the Edit menu and Select Copy Command OR press Ctrl+C (Windows).
(3) Then select the destination
(4) Either choose Paste from the Edit menu or press Ctrl+V (Windows) What are hidden file ?

▪ Hidden files are those files that are not listed with DIR.
▪ Some application programs create hidden files. DOS also creates hidden files when it formats a disk with the /s option.
▪ ATTRIB, an external DOS command, can be used to find out if there are any hidden files in any directory.
▪ For example, ATTRIB C:\*.* displays attributes for all .files in the root directory of drive C. If DOS displays "H" against a file name, it indicates that file is hidden. What is the use of autoexec.bat file ?   ▪ AUTOEXEC.BAT is a special batch file that is run automatically when DOS starts.
▪ In the filename AUTOEXEC.BAT, 'AUTOEXEC' stands for automatically executable and 'BAT' stand s for the batch file.
▪ You can use this file to set-up the starting directory, change system prompt, change date/time, or automatically start some programs such as a word processor or Windows.    

What is an shortcut ? How to create an short cut in start menu ?
▪ A special type of file in some operating systems that points to another file or device. Shortcut allows quick access to commonly used programs folders or documents.
▪ You can place shortcuts on the desktop to conveniently access files that may be stored deep in the directory structure.
▪ Double- clicking the shortcut icon is the same as double-clicking the actual file. Short cut icons contain an arrow at The bottom.
▪ You can control how a shortcut appears by naming it anything you want and associating a particular icon with it.
▪ To create a shortcut on the desktop to a program or file, there are two possible methods to choose from.

Method 1
▪ Right-click an open area on the desktop, point to New, and then click Shortcut.
▪ Click Browse. Locate the program or file to which you want to create a shortcut, click the program or file, click Open, and then click Next.
▪ Type a name for the shortcut. If a Finish button appears at the bottom of the dialog box, click it. If a Next button appears at the bottom of the dialog box, click it.

  
Method 2
▪ Click Start, point to Programs, and then right-click the program you want to create the shortcut to.
▪ Click Create Shortcut.  

Write a note on Recycle Bin.

▪ Recycle bin is an area in the hard disk for storing deleted files.
▪ Recycle bin is available on the desktop, or in the explorer.
▪ Any file or folders, which have been deleted in Windows 95/95 is stored in the recycle bin.
▪ The purpose of recycle bin is to restore files which have been deleted.
▪ Recycle bin has a pre-set size, which defined the number of files it can store. When the recycle bin is full, it deletes earlier files automatically.  
Restoring deleted file from the recycle bin:
1. Double click the recycle bin icon on the desktop.  
2. Click the right mouse button of the file to be recovered.  
3. Select the restore option from menu.  

Empting the recycle bin
1. Click the right mouse button on the recycle bin icon and select the "empty recycle bin" command.

Allocating space to the recycle bin:

1. Click the right mouse button on the recycle bin icon, and select the properties option.
2. Drag the space together, to denote the space required.

   It has reserved 10% of total hard disk capacity for the Recycle Binby default. Ten percent might be considered very huge if based on today's huge hard disks. For instance, on a 100GB hard disk, 10% works out to be 10GB. A total of 10GB reserved space for Recycle Bin might be too huge.

DOS Commands

▪ Commands are the way of communicating with computers.
▪ Anything we want the computer system to do is told in the form of commands in the predefined syntax.  
 DOS has two types of commands: -
1) Internal Commands
2) External Commands  

Internal commands: - An Internal command, which is a command embedded into the command.com file, these are those commands for which the code for executing them is stored in COMMAND.COM and they execute without the requirement of any other file. When an internal command is issue by the user, the transient portion knows what to do & executes that command.

External commands: - External command, which is not embedded into command.com and therefore requires a separate file to be used. These are the independent executable files that can be used as separate utilities also. Information about these files is also stored in the transient portion. When an external command is issued, the transient portion picks up the relevant file of that command & executes it.

INTERNAL COMMANDS

1. 1. TIME

Displays current time and allows it to be changed.
Syntax: TIME  

1. 2. DATE

Displays current date and allows it to be changed.
 Syntax: DATE  

1. 3. CLS

Clears the screen. Syntax: CLS  

1. 4. DIR

Shows directory information of a diskette: name, size, and the date and time stamp of files.
Syntax: DIR [d:][path] Optional switches: /p Display dir info and pauses display when the screen is full /w Display names and extensions only in five columns   To display a file directory listing for D:\LET\ANNUAL D:\LET\ANNUAL>DIR (from D:\LET\ANNUAL) D:\DATA>DIR \LET\ANNUAL (from D:\DATA) C:\WINDOWS>DIR D:\LET\ANNUAL (from C:\WINDOWS)

DIR *.DOC	Is the equivalent to DIR ????????.DOC and matches the first four files (those with the DOC extension)
DIR *.*	Is the equivalent to DIR ????????.??? and matches ALL files. Use *.* with care e.g. DEL *.* deletes ALL files in the current directory, regardless of extension!!
DIR ?.DOC	Matches A.DOC and B.DOC
DIR ?.*	Matches A.DOC, B.DOC, A.TXT and B.TXT
DIR A?.DOC	Matches A.DOC and AA.DOC
DIR A*.DOC	Matches A.DOC, and AA.DOC

 

1. 5. COPY

It copy one or more files to another location.
Syntax: C:\>copy <source> <target> /v Verify, copies the file and compares it with the original /b Binary file /Y - "Quiet" mode; if you overwrite a file you will not be informed. /-Y - Makes good and sure you know if there is an overwrite. (COPY file.text C:\Backup(Causes warning if the file exists there already)) Example: C:\copy 1.txt D:\Test It copies 1.txt file to Test Directory of D:\ Drive.  

COPY 1.txt D:\	Copies 1.txt file to D:\ Drive
COPY Test/*.* D:\	It copies all the files of Test Directory to D:\ Drive
COPY ?.DOC D:\	It copies any file with only one character name to D\ Drive.

? indicates zero or one character only. Like Matches A.DOC and B.DOC and 1.DOC etc.COPY ?.* D:\Matches A.DOC, B.DOC, A.TXT and B.TXT and copies to D:\ driveCOPY A?.DOC D:\Matches A.DOC and AA.DOC and AB.DOC etc. and copies to D:\ driveCOPY A*.DOC D:\Matches A.DOC, and AA.DOC and ABCCCC.DOC and copies to D:\ drive

1. 6. COPY CON

It is used to create a file
Syntax: C:\>copy con <filename>
Example C:\copy con 1.txt This creates the 1.txt file. Once the above command has been typed in, a user could type in whatever he or she wishes. When you have completed creating the file, you can save and exit the file by pressing CTRL+Z.  

1. 7. TYPE

Displays the contents of a file.
Syntax: TYPE <File Name> To display the contents of the file MY.TXT to the screen A:\>TYPE MY.TXT  

1. 8. DEL

Deletes a file from disk.
Syntax: DEL <File Name> To delete MY>TXT file From D:\ Drive:
 A:\>DEL D:\MY.TXT To del all files in current directory A:\>DEL *.*  

1. 9. REN

Renames a file. Syntax: REN <Old File Name> <New File Name>   To change the name of the file D:\LET\ANNUAL\99.DOC to 1999.DOC D:\LET\ANNUAL>REN 99.DOC 1999.DOC  

1. 10. MD

Makes (creates) a new directory.
Syntax: MD <Directory Name> To create a directory named ABC in the root of D: drive
D:\>MD ABC (from D:\)
C:\>MD D:\HERMIT (from C:\)  

1. 11. RD

Removes an existing directory(directory must be empty).   Syntax: RD <Directory Name>   To remove the ABC sub-directory D:\>RD ABC (from D:\) C:\>RD D:\ ABC (from C:\)  

1. 12. CD

Changes the current directory.
Syntax: CD [path][dirname] To make
D:\Test on current directory
D:\>CD Test
 (from D:\)
To move to previous directory
D:\>CD ..
To move to ROOT directory
D:\>CD \

1. 13. VER

ver command displays the MS-DOS version no.
Syntax: C:\>ver

1. 14. VOL

It displays the current volume label and the serial number of the specified drive. If drive specifier is omitted vol takes the current drive by default.
Syntax: C:\vol <d:>

1. 15. PROMPT

It changes the appearance of the command prompt or displays the current prompt.
 Syntax: C:\>prompt <text>

External Commands

1) ATTRIB – It lets you display or alter the attributes assigned to a file or directory.
    Syntax: C:\>attrib <+A/-A><+H/-H><+R/-R><+S/-S> <d:><path> <filename>
                +A: - add archive attributes
                -A: - remove archive attribute
                +H: - add hidden attributes
                -H: - remove hidden attribute
                +R: - add read-only attributes
                -R: - remove read-only attribute
                +S: - add system attributes
                -S: - remove system attribute

2) CHKDSK – It checks a disk's file allocation table entries for errors & find whether the files are o.k. or not. It also Check a disk to see how much space there is available, and how much is in use.  
Syntax: C:\>chkdsk <path>

3) DISKCOPY - Copies the contents of one drive to another.
    DISKCOPY [source drive] [destination drive:] [/1] [/V] [/M]  

  /1   Copies only the first side of the disk.

  /V   verifies that the information is copied correctly.

  /M   Force multi-pass copy using memory only.

4) FORMAT – It creates a new directory & file allocation table for the disk.
           Syntax: C:\>format <drive name>

5) SCANDISK – It checks a drive for errors and corrects any problems that it finds.
          Syntax: C:\> scandisk <drive name>

6) TREE – The structure of the specified drive from the specified directory down, listing all the sub-directories it encounters is displayed graphically.
          Syntax: C:\>tree <drive name>

7) DELTREE – It deletes a directory and all the files and sub-directories contained within it.
          Syntax: C:\>deltree <drive><path>

8) XCOPY – It is used to copy all the files in a directory, including the files in the sub-directories of that directory.
          Syntax: C:\>xcopy <source> <destination>

Differentiate COPY and XCOPY command.
 ▪ COPY command: COPY command allows you to copy one or more files to another location(directory) or same directory.
Syntax : COPY [/A] [/B] source [/A][/B] destination e.g copy C:\BCA\*.*\C:\BCA\FYBCA

 ▪ XCOPY command: The XCOPY utility allows a user to copy the contents of more than one directory at a time and retain the directory structure.
 e.g C:\>XCOPY C:\trail C:\r

Difference between copy and diskcopy

COPY	DISKCOPY
The copy command is used to copy all the files only it will not copy files from the sub directory and it will not copy any folder also	The diskcopy command is used to copy the complete contents of a diskette to another diskette; i.e. it makes a duplicate diskette.
Before overwriting copy command will prompt the conformation massage.	DISKCOPY destroys all contents on the target diskette without giving you ant warming. To avoid mix-up of source and target diskettes, always write-protect the source diskette.

 
Difference CD\ and CD..

CD\	CD..
Used to go to root directory	Used to go to previous directory means goes back one directory.
Before overwriting copy command will prompt the conformation massage.	DISKCOPY destroys all contents on the target diskette without giving you ant warming. To avoid mix-up of source and target diskettes, always write-protect the source diskette.
Eg.C:\Windows\COMMAND>cd\

Result : C:\>Eg.C:\Windows\COMMAND>cd.. Result : C:\Windows>  

Difference del and rd

DEL	RD
Delete one or more files from the current directory	Remove current directory, this command will only work if the folders are empty.

How to download and use Q-basic editor?

• Type download q-basic software for windows xp
• Click on first link(Note: link rank may change by google)

• Click on download button

• After clicking on download link again one window will open
• Again click on download arrow

• After clicking on download button software will start downloading.
• QBASIC.zip file will be downloaded to your computer , extract it and open QBASIC.EXE file

• After clicking on QBASIC.EXE one Q-basic editor will open see below image.

• Press ESC key to remove dialog box , now your  editor is ready to write program, see below screen

• Now type your program, we have created a simple hello world program.

 CLS is used to clear the screen. PRINT is used to display something on screen

• Press (SHIFT + F5) or go to Run menu select start option  to run your program

• Congratulations you have successfully created hello world program, your output window screen will look like this

 How to save a program?

1. Go to file menu click on save menu.
2. When you click on save option one window will pop-up
3. Type file name with extension .BAS and select proper drive to save your file finally click on ok.

 How to open file?

1. Go-to file menu select open option, one window will pop-up after clicking on open option
2. Select your drive where your programs resides and select your q-basic file and click on ok